Methods and apparatus for optical communication are disclosed. An optical data stream is encoded to produce an optical data stream having a predetermined time-wavelength spectrum. Two or more encoded data streams are combined in a transmission medium (e.g., optical fiber) and the combined data stream is decoded with decoders corresponding to the encoding of the data streams, producing decoded outputs. The decoded outputs include a portion corresponding to a selected data stream as well as a portion corresponding to unselected data streams (crosstalk). A nonlinear detector receives the decoded outputs and rejects crosstalk. Coders produce temporal delays and phase shifts specified by a time-wavelength code for, the spectral components of an input optical signal. Some coders convert optical signals encoded with a first time-wavelength code into an output corresponding to a second time-wavelength code. Temporal delays and phase shifts can be selected to compensate for dispersion in a transmission medium. Coherent coders are provided in which the phase shifts produced on the spectral components of an optical signal are controlled within about one half of the wavelength of the spectral component.

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