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Abstract

A process for forming a porous metal oxide or metalloid oxide material, the process including: providing an anodic substrate including a metal or metalloid substrate; providing a cathodic substrate; contacting the anodic substrate and the cathodic substrate with an acid electrolyte to form an electrochemical cell; applying an electrical signal to the electrochemical cell; and forming shaped pores in the metal or metalloid substrate by: (c) time varying the applied voltage of the electrical signal to provide a voltage cycle having a minimum voltage period during which a minimum voltage is applied, a maximum voltage period during which a maximum voltage is applied, and a transition period between the minimum voltage period and the maximum voltage period, wherein the voltage is progressively increased from the minimum voltage to the maximum voltage during the transition period, or (d) time varying the current of the electrical signal to provide a current cycle having a minimum current period during which a minimum current is applied, a maximum current period during which a maximum current is applied, and a transition period between the minimum current period and the maximum current period, wherein the voltage is progressively increased from the minimum current to the maximum current during the transition period.

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First Claim